Relation to the world· Philosophy of religion
Separate domains
Axis: Faith and reason — How do faith and reason relate to each other: agreement, conflict, or indifference?
Science and religion answer different questions: one describes facts, the other deals with meaning and values. As long as each stays on its own ground, there is neither conflict nor competition.
Philosophers 1
Show inferred positions (1)
Baconinferable
Bacon sharply separates the two books in which God may be read, that of Scripture and that of nature: science must keep to second causes and borrow nothing from theology, which for its part falls to faith and revelation, not to proof. To confuse the two spoils both, as the scholastics did. He thus keeps for religion its own domain, intact but distinct, which places him on the side of separate domains rather than Thomist harmony.
The Advancement of Learning, II · Novum Organum, I, §65 and §89
The test of tolerance: understanding an opinion before rejecting itRuleInspired by The Enlightenment
To disapprove of an opinion and to defend the right to express it is no contradiction.
Against fanaticism, the made a virtue: shows that no one can be compelled to believe, makes it a fight. The practice carries this demand into our disagreements: faced with an opinion that jars you, suspend rejection long enough to understand it in its strongest version. To understand is not to approve; but one refutes well only what one has first grasped, and one defends another's right to speak the better for having heard what they say.
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