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Relation to oneself· ExistenceCommon view

Refusing death

Axis: DeathWhat attitude should we take toward death?

Death is a real evil, the absolute scandal: nothing justifies or redeems it. The right attitude is not to tame it but to refuse it, from the metaphysical revolt that never blesses the unacceptable to the concrete fight to push it back or defeat it. To consent would be to betray what is irreplaceable in life.

Who holds this position

Movements 1

Transhumanismexplicit

Transhumanism breaks with the wisdoms of acceptance: death is neither an indifferent nothingness, as for , nor the horizon that would give life its worth, as for , but the greatest of harms and a technical problem. Aging is recast as a curable disease. It is revolt carried to its conclusion: to refuse finitude as an injustice to be fought, not a fate to be tamed.

Bostrom, 'The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant' · de Grey, Ending Aging

Philosophers 2

Show inferred positions (2)
Beauvoirinferable

For Beauvoir, death is never natural: it is a violence, an unjustifiable scandal that shatters projects and outrages life, however long and consented to. Rather than greet it with serenity, she prefers revolt and indignation, refusing to dress up as meaningful what is only a defeat. The death of loved ones, witnessed up close, appears to her as an unacceptable rupture, not a fulfillment.

A Very Easy Death · The Coming of Age

Camusinferable

Death is the scandal par excellence: the horizon that reveals and ruins all hope, but which Camus refuses to greet with serenity. To resignation as much as to the hope of a beyond, he opposes revolt: to die unreconciled, lucid and in revolt, with no appeal and no consolation. It is in this obstinate refusal, not in acceptance, that the absurd man asserts his greatness.

The Myth of Sisyphus · The Rebel

Arguments and objections
ArgumentLucid revoltTo call death "natural" or "gentle" is to excuse what destroys the irreplaceable; to refuse it without illusion is to stay faithful to the worth of living.
  1. Nothing makes death acceptable: it annihilates a unique being, beyond return or repair. , at her dying mother's bedside, refuses the word that consoles: "there is no natural death," every death is an undue violence, even when one knows it is coming and consents to it.
  2. The wisdoms of acceptance, by calling it "nothing," "passage" or "the course of nature," grant it the victory in advance: they soothe the dying by disarming their protest. But to come to terms with what negates us is to betray what is irreplaceable in life.
  3. The response of a lucid consciousness is therefore neither illusion nor resignation, but : with , to keep one's eyes open on the scandal and refuse to be reconciled with it, from the inner refusal that blesses nothing to the concrete fight to push death back.

Therefore So to refuse death is not to deny it: it is the only fidelity possible to the life it threatens, the "no" that gives our "yes" its form.

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ObjectionThe objection of impotent revoltDeath is not an injustice a court could overturn but a law of nature: railing at it exhausts us for nothing and poisons the days that remain.
  1. Revolt presupposes an adversary that can be swayed. But death is not an injustice a court could overturn: it is a law of nature, as deaf to our anger as the rain or old age.
  2. To rise up against the inevitable is to wage a battle lost in advance. said it: it is not things that trouble us but our judgments about them; to demand that nature be other than it is condemns us to suffer.
  3. Worse: by fixing on death as an enemy, we let it devour every present moment. The rebel suffers twice, from having to die and from his rage at having to die, when wisdom would be to consent in order to live.

Therefore So revolt may be no more than a sterile agitation: it does not push death back by a single hour, and it robs the present of the serenity that alone depends on us.

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ObjectionThe suspicion of ressentimentThe same finitude bounds our days and gives them their weight: to say no to death may be to say no to life as it is, out of resentment more than love.
  1. saw in the revolt against time and the irreversible the "spirit of revenge": the rancorous refusal of what was and of what must end. To revolt against death would be to hold existence against its very condition.
  2. But mortality cannot be detached from the rest: it is the same finitude that bounds our days and gives them their savor, their urgency, their weight. To say no to death is to say no to life as it is, the only one there is.
  3. The refusal then takes on the face of what it fought: no longer a love of life, but a grudge against it. Strength, says Nietzsche, is not to curse what ends, but to love it enough to will it eternally: this is .

Therefore So your revolt calls for self-examination: is it the height of the love of living, or a against life that, in refusing death, also refuses the worth death gives to our days?

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Practices
Doing your partExerciseInspired by Camus

In The Plague, shows a doctor, Rieux, who tends the sick without believing he can defeat the epidemic, "because they have to be cured": to refuse death is not to dream of abolishing it, but never to make peace with it and to contest, each day, the ground one can. Against the discouragement of the immense and the alibi of powerlessness, this exercise turns into a concrete, shared gesture: holding your post where death or suffering are within reach.

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Problems
  • PrescriptiveExistential
    Before birth, after death

    We do not mourn the non-being that came before our birth: why dread the one that will follow our death? And how could death be an evil if no one is left to suffer it?

    the one who dies
  • PrescriptiveExistential
    The death of others

    Death reaches us first in the death of those we love: is this grief "nothing", or does it teach us, better than any theory, what dying means?

    the death of a loved one
  • PrescriptiveExistential
    Living on in one's works

    Failing a survival of the soul, to live on in what we leave behind, children, a work, a trace in memory: a real victory over death, or a consolation that no longer concerns us once we are gone?

    what outlasts us
  • PrescriptiveExistential
    Defeating death?

    What if death were no longer a fate but a disease to cure: should we push back our limits endlessly through technology, or is there a wisdom in consenting to our mortal condition?

    the mortal condition