← See the axis · Relation to certainty
ObjectionThe half-measure
Is knowledge said to be forever revisable still knowledge at all?
Objects to Fallibilism
- The fallibilist wants two things at once: to keep knowledge, and yet to admit that none of his beliefs is certain.
- But "to know" usually carries a more demanding sense: I do not say I know a thing if I grant at the same time that it might be false. At that point it is no longer knowledge, it is a cautious opinion.
- The fallibilist then seems to waver without settling: either he genuinely trusts some of his beliefs, and he rejoins the ; or he holds them all to be uncertain, and he rejoins the .
Therefore So the middle way risks being not a position, but a hesitation between the other two.
Deepenings
Knowledge and certainty
- Tradition long defined knowledge as a true and justified belief, to which a requirement of certainty was readily added: one would know only what one cannot doubt.
- The fallibilist contests precisely that last addition: to demand certainty, he says, is to confuse knowledge with infallibility, and to condemn all human knowledge in advance.
Possible resolutions of the objection
Challenges