The Euthyphro dilemma
On the axis: The source of morality · God's relation to the good
Is the good good because God wills it, or does God will it because it is good? One branch makes morality arbitrary, the other seems to make it independent of God; theologians have been seeking a way between the two ever since.
In the Euthyphro, Socrates asks whether the pious is loved by the gods because it is pious, or pious because it is loved by the gods. Transposed to the good, the dilemma runs through all of moral thought.
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Justification
The presents a Demiurge, a good craftsman-god who orders the world by looking to the Forms as models; the assert the existence of gods and providence against atheism. This rational, impersonal theism, with no creation ex nihilo and no single God in the monotheist sense, holds the score back from the extreme.
Timaeus, 28a-30c · Laws, X, 885b-907d
Justification
God is the supreme, necessary and personal substance, cause of the pre-established harmony and author of the choice of the best world. Leibniz proves him along several lines: the sufficient reason of the contingent universe must lie outside it; the eternal truths presuppose a divine intellect; he takes up and amends the ontological argument. This is theism in the full sense, providential and creative, not the impersonal God of , whom he opposes.
Monadology, §38-45 (God, sufficient reason, source of the eternal truths) · Theodicy, §7-8 (God, cause of the best world)
leads to: Existence of God