All themes

Religion

This theme runs through several big questions. Here are the ones where it plays out.

The questions that illuminate it

Relation to oneselfAfter death

Does something of us survive death?

It may be humanity's oldest question: graves are older than writing. If a soul survives, if something is reborn, death changes meaning and this life becomes a preparation, a trial, or a passage; if nothing survives, everything that matters must fit between birth and the end. To take a position is to say what death really ends, and what we can honestly hope escapes it.

The immortalsoulRebirthNothingsurvivesYOU

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Relation to the worldExistence of God

Does God exist?

On the answer hang the origin of the world, the existence of a justice beyond human courts, the foundation of our values, and what awaits us after death. Few questions bear so heavily on the whole shape we give our life, and none admits a proof that ends the debate.

TheismAtheismAgnosticism(Huxley)Thomas AquinasPyrrhoSartreYOU

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Relation to othersThe source of morality

What gives morality its authority?

Everyone feels that some things are simply not done, but where does that demand get its force? If the good is grounded in God, a society that loses its faith risks losing its morality too, and the line ascribed to Dostoevsky looms: if God does not exist, everything is permitted. If morality rests on reason, on feeling, or on an inherited agreement, it survives secularization, but it remains to be explained why it still binds those who no longer want to play along. To take a position is to say what really upholds our duties, and what would be left of them the day that support gives way.

Grounded in GodThe law of reasonMoral sentimentA tacit conventionYOU
Hegel
5
55
40

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Relation to the worldFaith and reason

How do faith and reason relate to each other: agreement, conflict, or indifference?

Can one believe and reason without betraying either? Forcing them to agree risks distorting both, declaring them enemies forces one to pick a side, separating them protects each but leaves faith mute before knowledge. To take a position is to say what place a religious conviction can hold for someone who also wants to think freely.

FideismHarmonyConflictSeparate domainsYOU
Leibniz
100
Thomas Aquinas
5
90
5
Hegel
90
10
Descartes
5
85
10
Locke
75
25
Camus
80
20
+ 10 more figures

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Relation to the worldThe problem of evil

Is evil compatible with a good and all-powerful God?

The suffering of the innocent is the harshest test for anyone who believes in a good and all-powerful God. Before it, four paths part ways: justifying evil, giving up divine omnipotence, refusing all justification, or concluding that no such God exists. To take a position is to say whether faith can stand before misfortune, and at what cost.

Evil has its reasonsA limited GodUnjustifiable evilEvil refutes GodYOU
Leibniz
100
Thomas Aquinas
90
10
Hegel
90
5
5
Stoicism
90
10
Camus
85
15
Hume
10
90
+ 7 more figures

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Relation to the worldWhere the sacred resides

Does the sacred reside in this very world, or in a beyond that surpasses it?

If the sacred is here, in this world, the spiritual quest turns toward life, nature, the present; if it dwells in a beyond, this world becomes a passage toward something higher than itself. To take a position is to say where to seek the absolute, and what this life is worth depending on whether it lies here or elsewhere.

ImmanenceTranscendenceCamusConfuciusPlatonismYOU

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