Sanctuary or garden
On the axis: Humanity's place in nature · wild nature
Should nature be left wild and untouched, preserving the part we did not make, or is the ideal a tended, gardened nature that human care completes rather than violates? And is there any "untouched" nature left to save at all?
Justification
Against the program of and , the human as "master and possessor of nature", the current refuses as the primary relation to the natural world. It divides between two answers: the human as a of a community of the living, with no privileged position, in and ; or the responsible whom their very power obliges, in .
Næss, Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (1976) · Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility (1979)
Justification
The founding gesture of the current is to widen the beyond humans alone, against the tradition's . Where to draw the new boundary divides the family: to every being capable of suffering for , to every being for , to themselves for and . All reject the idea that the human alone counts.
Singer, Animal Liberation (1975) · Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (1949)
Anchors: Thoreau · Gilles Clément · environmental ethics
leads to: Moral circle (The suffering of wild animals)